innovation system supported by the defense sector-particularly the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). ![]() Arguably, there are critical science and technology institutions that can introduce not simply inventions and applications, but significant elements of entire innovations systems. One factor involves critical institutions, which represent the space where research and talent combine, where the meeting between science and technology is best organized. economic progress and military superiority, and these elements have interacted, we need to understand the causal factors behind this innovation. If technology innovation is a driving force in both U.S. Military historian John Chambers has argued that few of the critical weapons that transformed 20th century warfare came from a specific doctrinal need or request of the military 5 Instead, the availability of technology advances has driven doctrine. Defense technology cannot be discussed as though it is separate and apart from the technology that drives the expansion of the economy-they are both part of the same technology paradigms. While this has been the case for centuries, this interaction has been accelerating. there has been a deep interaction between war and technology-war has greatly influenced technology evolution, and the converse is also true. Will this leadership continue? At stake is not only economic leadership but U.S. led the last three innovation waves-the information technology revolution represents the latest. military leadership has paralleled its technological innovation leadership. Arguably, not only do these waves transform economies and the way we organize societies around them, they transform military power as well U.S. 4 These technology-based innovation cycles flow in long multi-decade waves. Ning of the industrial revolution in Britain in 1770.
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